About: Exchange Traded Funds (ETFs)


An exchange-traded fund can be seen as a basket of underlying assets, such as shares, bonds, commodities and indices, that are pooled together into a single entity.
It divides ownership of these assets into shares, which are later sold on the open market. Each share of an ETF gives its owner a proportional stake in the total assets of the fund.
Briefly, Exchange Traded Funds (ETFs) are like mutual funds listed and traded on stock exchanges like shares.
Usually, ETFs are passive funds where the fund manager doesn’t select stocks on your behalf. Instead, the ETF simply copies an index and endeavours to accurately reflect its performance.
In an ETF, one can buy and sell units at prevailing market price on a real time basis during market hours.
The ETFs trading value is based on the net asset value of the underlying stocks that it represents.
ETFs are offered on virtually all asset classes ranging from traditional investments to alternative assets like commodities or currencies.
About: Gold backed Exchange Traded Funds (ETFs)
A gold ETF, or exchange-traded fund, is a commodity ETF that consists of only one principal asset i.e. gold.
Gold-backed ETFs and similar funds allow investors to generally track the price of gold, giving them access to the properties and security of owning physical gold without the need to arrange for storage and insurance separately.
Note: If one buys shares in a gold ETFhe/she do not actually own any physical gold. @MrunalsEconomy

National Pharmaceutical Pricing Authority (NPPA)


NPPA is an organization of the Government of India which was established, inter alia, to fix/ revise the prices of controlled bulk drugs and formulations and to enforce prices and availability of the medicines in the country, under the Drugs (Prices Control) Order.
It was formed in 1997.
The NPPA regularly publishes lists of medicines and their maximum ceiling prices, as per the Drugs (Prices Control) Order.
Functions of NPPA
To implement and enforce the provisions of the Drugs (Prices Control) Order in accordance with the powers delegated to it
To monitor the availability of drugs, identify shortages, if any, and to take remedial steps
To  advice/assist the Central Government on drug policy or parliamentary matters relating to the drug pricing
It is also entrusted with the task of recovering amounts overcharged by manufacturers for the controlled drugs from the consumers.
It also monitors the prices of decontrolled drugs in order to keep them at reasonable levels.

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About: MGNREGA

The Indian Parliament passed the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act in 2005.
The mandate of the MGNREGA is to provide at least 100 days of guaranteed wage employment in a financial year to every rural household whose adult members volunteer to do unskilled manual work at an average daily wage of ₹209.
The scheme is key to providing livelihoods to poor villagers and is a backbone of the rural economy in difficult times.
It is a demand driven wage employment programme and resource transfer from Centre to States is based on the demand for employment in each State.
Overall, 6 crore families hold active job cards under the scheme, and almost 5.5 crore families found work under the scheme in 2019.
The core objectives of the MGNREGS are:
Providing not less than one hundred days of unskilled manual work as a guaranteed employment in a financial year to every household in rural areas as per demand, resulting in creation of productive assets of prescribed quality and durability
Strengthening the livelihood resource base of the poor
Proactively ensuring social inclusion
Strengthening Panchayati Raj Institutions
The goals are:
Social protection for the most vulnerable people living in rural India by guaranteeing wage employment opportunities.
Enhance livelihood security of the rural poor through generation of wage employment opportunities in works leading to creation of durable assets.
Rejuvenate natural resource base of rural areas.
Create a durable and productive rural asset base.
Empowerment of the socially disadvantaged, especially, women, Scheduled Castes (SCs)and Scheduled Tribes (STs), through the processes of a rights-based legislation.
Strengthen decentralised, participatory planning through convergence of various anti-poverty and livelihoods initiatives.
Deepen democracy at the grassroots by strengthening Panchayati Raj Institutions.
Paradigm shift with the implementation of MGNREGA
MGNREGA is bottom-up, people-centered, demand-driven, self-selecting and rights-based programme.
It provides a legal guarantee for wage employment by providing allowances and compensation both in cases of failure to provide work on demand and delays in payment of wages for work undertaken.
Plans and decisions regarding the nature and choice of works to be undertaken, the order in which each worksite selection etc., are all to be made in open assemblies of the Gram Sabha (GS) and ratified by the GP.
Social audit is a new feature, which creates accountability of performance, especially towards immediate stakeholders.
Thus, MGNREGA also marks a break from the relief programmes of the past towards an integrated natural resource management and livelihoods generation perspective.

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